Indefinite Integrals#

The Antiderivative#

Definition

A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if

F(x)=f(x)

for all x in I.

In other words, the phrase “F is an antiderivative of f” means the same thing as the phrase “f is the derivative of F.”

Example 1#

Verify a function is an antiderivative

Show that F(x)=3x5+4x3+7x is an antiderivative of f(x)=15x4+12x2+7.

Step 1:   Verify that F(x)=f(x).
F(x)=ddx(3x5+4x3+7x)=35x4+43x2+7=15x4+12x2+7=f(x)

Because F(x)=f(x), F is an antiderivative of f.

Example 2#

Verify a function is an antiderivative

Show that G(x)=3x5+4x3+7x+71 is an antiderivative of f(x)=15x4+12x2+7.

Step 1:   Verify that G(x)=f(x).
G(x)=ddx(3x5+4x3+7x+71)=35x4+43x2+7+0=15x4+12x2+7=f(x)

Because G(x)=f(x), G is an antiderivative of f.

Observation

In the previous two examples, the functions F(x) and G(x) were both shown to be antiderivatives of f(x)=15x4+12x2+7. This implies that antiderivatives are not unique. Also notice that G(x)=F(x)+71 and adding a constant to a function doesn’t change its derivative since the derivative of a constant is zero. So once we knew that F(x) was an antiderivative of f(x), we didn’t need to verify that G(x) was also an antiderivative of f(x) since it only differs from F(x) by a constant.

In general, if F is an antiderivative of f, then F(x)+C, where C is any constant, is also an antiderivative of f. Furthermore, every antiderivative of f must be of the form F(x)+C for some constant C.

The Indefinite Integral#

Definition and Notation

The indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x, denoted

f(x) dx

represents the most general antiderivative of f.

The symbol is called an integral sign and the symbol dx is called a differential, which indicates the variable of integration.

The Most General Antiderivative

If F is an antiderivative of f, then the most general antiderivative of f is given by

f(x) dx=F(x)+C

where C is an arbitrary constant referred to as the constant of integration.

Example 3#

Indefinite integral

Compute 15x4+12x2+7 dx.

Answer

From Example 1 above, we know that 3x5+4x3+7x is an antiderivative of 15x4+12x2+7. Therefore,

15x4+12x2+7 dx=3x5+4x3+7x+C.

Therefore, every antiderivative of 15x4+12x2+7 can be written as 3x5+4x3+7x+C for some constant C.